Barton admitted when he first joined the club in August that he thought the Clarets could go on to win the league under Sean Dyche.
Dyche's men sit third in the table after a seven-game unbeaten run and are just two points behind joint-leaders Hull City and Brighton.
"Getting promoted is always difficult to do," he told the Burnley Express.
"It'd be my third promotion in three years. I've been in the Championship twice before and I've been promoted those two years.
"I didn't come here to finish top 10, I haven't come here to see my career out, I've come here because I've still got a lot to offer and because I want to win the league.
"I won it with Newcastle and the plan is to win the league again."