The centre-back has suffered similar problems in the past, with a dislocated shoulder keeping him sidelined for four months in 2006.
The former England Under-21 international sustained his latest setback during the pre-season friendly at Carlisle.
Chris Hughton: "Obviously we are aware of Steven Taylor's shoulder problems in the past, but we will not know the extent of this one until we can assess it properly in two or three days.
"It's always a worry to have an injury of this sort, especially at the start of the season, but we will just have to wait and see."