The 25-year-old is set for an operation after hurting his groin in the game against Everton.
Marveaux missed most of last season at Rennes with an abdominal injury.
He failed a medical at Liverpool before signing for Newcastle on a free transfer in the summer.
Marveaux was handed his first start against Everton earlier this month in the absence of Gabriel Obertan.
However, Marveaux’s full league debut lasted just 54 minutes.
Alan Pardew: “Sylvain’s going to need an operation, so we think he’s going to be certainly (out) for three months.
“You know how hard he’s had to work to get where he’s at. It’s a setback for him, and there’s real sympathy within the group.
“It’s probably the biggest blow we’ve had this season.”