The 23-year-old, whose new deal at St James' Park runs until the end of the 2016/17 season, will play for the Latics in League One having previously had a loan spell with Rangers in the Scottish Championship.
Vuckic scored eight league goals in 17 appearances for Rangers last season.
And Wigan boss Gary Caldwell said he has been impressed with the forward's goal record.
"Haris had a great season on loan at Rangers last season and he is a quality addition to our forward line, a creative player with an eye for goal," he told the club's official website.
"Newcastle rate him highly but he needs to keep progressing and is looking to play as regularly as possible. We are delighted he has chosen Wigan Athletic."
The Serbian, who joined the Magpies in 2009, has also had loan spells at Rotherham and Cardiff.